Assessment of error and uncertainty is a vital component of both natural and social science. Empirical research involves dealing with all kinds of errors and uncertainties yet there is significant variance in how such results are dealt with. Contributors to this volume present case studies of research practices across a wide spectrum of scientific fields, including experimental physics, econometrics, environmental science, climate science, industrial engineering, measurement science and statistics. They compare methodologies and present the ingredients needed for an overarching framework applicable to all.